volume_shader.h

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/* SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2011-2022 Blender Foundation
 *
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 */
 
/* Volume shader evaluation and sampling. */
 
#pragma once
 
#include "kernel/closure/alloc.h"
#include "kernel/closure/bsdf.h"
#include "kernel/closure/bsdf_util.h"
#include "kernel/closure/emissive.h"
 
#ifdef __SVM__
#  include "kernel/svm/svm.h"
#endif
#ifdef __OSL__
#  include "kernel/osl/osl.h"
#endif
 
CCL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 
#ifdef __VOLUME__
 
/* Merging */
 
ccl_device_inline void volume_shader_merge_closures(ccl_private ShaderData *sd)
{
  /* Merge identical closures to save closure space with stacked volumes. */
  for (int i = 0; i < sd->num_closure; i++) {
    ccl_private ShaderClosure *sci = &sd->closure[i];
 
    if (!CLOSURE_IS_VOLUME_SCATTER(sci->type)) {
      continue;
    }
 
    for (int j = i + 1; j < sd->num_closure; j++) {
      ccl_private ShaderClosure *scj = &sd->closure[j];
      if (!volume_phase_equal(sci, scj)) {
        continue;
      }
 
      sci->weight += scj->weight;
      sci->sample_weight += scj->sample_weight;
 
      int size = sd->num_closure - (j + 1);
      if (size > 0) {
        for (int k = 0; k < size; k++) {
          scj[k] = scj[k + 1];
        }
      }
 
      sd->num_closure--;
      kernel_assert(sd->num_closure >= 0);
      j--;
    }
  }
}
 
ccl_device_inline void volume_shader_copy_phases(ccl_private ShaderVolumePhases *ccl_restrict
                                                     phases,
                                                 ccl_private const ShaderData *ccl_restrict sd)
{
  phases->num_closure = 0;
 
  for (int i = 0; i < sd->num_closure; i++) {
    ccl_private const ShaderClosure *from_sc = &sd->closure[i];
    if (CLOSURE_IS_VOLUME_SCATTER(from_sc->type)) {
      /* ShaderVolumeClosure is a subset of ShaderClosure, so this is fine for all volume scatter
       * closures. */
      phases->closure[phases->num_closure++] = *((ccl_private const ShaderVolumeClosure *)from_sc);
      if (phases->num_closure >= MAX_VOLUME_CLOSURE) {
        break;
      }
    }
  }
}
 
/* Guiding */
 
#  ifdef __PATH_GUIDING__
ccl_device_inline void volume_shader_prepare_guiding(KernelGlobals kg,
                                                     IntegratorState state,
                                                     ccl_private ShaderData *sd,
                                                     float rand_phase_guiding,
                                                     const float3 P,
                                                     const float3 D,
                                                     ccl_private ShaderVolumePhases *phases)
{
  /* Have any phase functions to guide? */
  const int num_phases = phases->num_closure;
  if (!kernel_data.integrator.use_volume_guiding || num_phases == 0) {
    state->guiding.use_volume_guiding = false;
    return;
  }
 
  const float volume_guiding_probability = kernel_data.integrator.volume_guiding_probability;
 
  /* If we have more than one phase function we select one random based on its
   * sample weight to calculate the product distribution for guiding. */
  int phase_id = 0;
  float phase_weight = 1.0f;
 
  if (num_phases > 1) {
    /* Pick a phase closure based on sample weights. */
    float sum = 0.0f;
 
    for (phase_id = 0; phase_id < num_phases; phase_id++) {
      ccl_private const ShaderVolumeClosure *svc = &phases->closure[phase_id];
      sum += svc->sample_weight;
    }
 
    float r = rand_phase_guiding * sum;
    float partial_sum = 0.0f;
 
    for (phase_id = 0; phase_id < num_phases; phase_id++) {
      ccl_private const ShaderVolumeClosure *svc = &phases->closure[phase_id];
      float next_sum = partial_sum + svc->sample_weight;
 
      if (r <= next_sum) {
        /* Rescale to reuse. */
        rand_phase_guiding = (r - partial_sum) / svc->sample_weight;
        phase_weight = svc->sample_weight / sum;
        break;
      }
 
      partial_sum = next_sum;
    }
 
    /* Adjust the sample weight of the component used for guiding. */
    phases->closure[phase_id].sample_weight *= volume_guiding_probability;
  }
 
  /* Init guiding for selected phase function. */
  ccl_private const ShaderVolumeClosure *svc = &phases->closure[phase_id];
  const float phase_g = volume_phase_get_g(svc);
  if (!guiding_phase_init(kg, state, P, D, phase_g, rand_phase_guiding)) {
    state->guiding.use_volume_guiding = false;
    return;
  }
 
  state->guiding.use_volume_guiding = true;
  state->guiding.sample_volume_guiding_rand = rand_phase_guiding;
  state->guiding.volume_guiding_sampling_prob = volume_guiding_probability * phase_weight;
 
  kernel_assert(state->guiding.volume_guiding_sampling_prob > 0.0f &&
                state->guiding.volume_guiding_sampling_prob <= 1.0f);
}
#  endif
 
/* Phase Evaluation & Sampling */
 
/* Randomly sample a volume phase function proportional to ShaderClosure.sample_weight. */
/* TODO: this isn't quite correct, we don't weight anisotropy properly depending on color channels,
 * even if this is perhaps not a common case */
ccl_device_inline ccl_private const ShaderVolumeClosure *volume_shader_phase_pick(
    ccl_private const ShaderVolumePhases *phases, ccl_private float2 *rand_phase)
{
  int sampled = 0;
 
  if (phases->num_closure > 1) {
    /* Pick a phase closure based on sample weights. */
    /* For reservoir sampling, always accept the first in the stream. */
    float sum = phases->closure[0].sample_weight;
 
    for (int i = 1; i < phases->num_closure; i++) {
      const float sample_weight = phases->closure[i].sample_weight;
      sum += sample_weight;
      const float thresh = sample_weight / sum;
 
      /* Rescale random number to reuse for volume phase direction sample. */
      if (rand_phase->x < thresh) {
        sampled = i;
        rand_phase->x /= thresh;
      }
      else {
        rand_phase->x = (rand_phase->x - thresh) / (1.0f - thresh);
      }
    }
  }
 
  return &phases->closure[sampled];
}
 
ccl_device_inline float _volume_shader_phase_eval_mis(ccl_private const ShaderData *sd,
                                                      ccl_private const ShaderVolumePhases *phases,
                                                      const float3 wo,
                                                      int skip_phase,
                                                      ccl_private BsdfEval *result_eval,
                                                      float sum_pdf,
                                                      float sum_sample_weight)
{
  for (int i = 0; i < phases->num_closure; i++) {
    if (i == skip_phase)
      continue;
 
    ccl_private const ShaderVolumeClosure *svc = &phases->closure[i];
    float phase_pdf = 0.0f;
    Spectrum eval = volume_phase_eval(sd, svc, wo, &phase_pdf);
 
    if (phase_pdf != 0.0f) {
      bsdf_eval_accum(result_eval, eval * svc->sample_weight);
      sum_pdf += phase_pdf * svc->sample_weight;
    }
 
    sum_sample_weight += svc->sample_weight;
  }
 
  bsdf_eval_mul(result_eval, 1.0f / sum_sample_weight);
  return (sum_sample_weight > 0.0f) ? sum_pdf / sum_sample_weight : 0.0f;
}
 
ccl_device float volume_shader_phase_eval(KernelGlobals kg,
                                          ccl_private const ShaderData *sd,
                                          ccl_private const ShaderVolumeClosure *svc,
                                          const float3 wo,
                                          ccl_private BsdfEval *phase_eval)
{
  float phase_pdf = 0.0f;
  Spectrum eval = volume_phase_eval(sd, svc, wo, &phase_pdf);
 
  if (phase_pdf != 0.0f) {
    bsdf_eval_accum(phase_eval, eval);
  }
 
  return phase_pdf;
}
 
ccl_device float volume_shader_phase_eval(KernelGlobals kg,
                                          IntegratorState state,
                                          ccl_private const ShaderData *sd,
                                          ccl_private const ShaderVolumePhases *phases,
                                          const float3 wo,
                                          ccl_private BsdfEval *phase_eval,
                                          const uint light_shader_flags)
{
  bsdf_eval_init(phase_eval, zero_spectrum());
 
  float pdf = _volume_shader_phase_eval_mis(sd, phases, wo, -1, phase_eval, 0.0f, 0.0f);
 
#  if defined(__PATH_GUIDING__) && PATH_GUIDING_LEVEL >= 4
  if (state->guiding.use_volume_guiding) {
    const float guiding_sampling_prob = state->guiding.volume_guiding_sampling_prob;
    const float guide_pdf = guiding_phase_pdf(kg, state, wo);
    pdf = (guiding_sampling_prob * guide_pdf) + (1.0f - guiding_sampling_prob) * pdf;
  }
#  endif
 
  /* If the light does not use MIS, then it is only sampled via NEE, so the probability of hitting
   * the light using BSDF sampling is zero. */
  if (!(light_shader_flags & SHADER_USE_MIS)) {
    pdf = 0.0f;
  }
 
  return pdf;
}
 
#  ifdef __PATH_GUIDING__
ccl_device int volume_shader_phase_guided_sample(KernelGlobals kg,
                                                 IntegratorState state,
                                                 ccl_private const ShaderData *sd,
                                                 ccl_private const ShaderVolumeClosure *svc,
                                                 const float2 rand_phase,
                                                 ccl_private BsdfEval *phase_eval,
                                                 ccl_private float3 *wo,
                                                 ccl_private float *phase_pdf,
                                                 ccl_private float *unguided_phase_pdf,
                                                 ccl_private float *sampled_roughness)
{
  const bool use_volume_guiding = state->guiding.use_volume_guiding;
  const float guiding_sampling_prob = state->guiding.volume_guiding_sampling_prob;
 
  /* Decide between sampling guiding distribution and phase. */
  float rand_phase_guiding = state->guiding.sample_volume_guiding_rand;
  bool sample_guiding = false;
  if (use_volume_guiding && rand_phase_guiding < guiding_sampling_prob) {
    sample_guiding = true;
    rand_phase_guiding /= guiding_sampling_prob;
  }
  else {
    rand_phase_guiding -= guiding_sampling_prob;
    rand_phase_guiding /= (1.0f - guiding_sampling_prob);
  }
 
  /* Initialize to zero. */
  int label = LABEL_NONE;
  Spectrum eval = zero_spectrum();
 
  *unguided_phase_pdf = 0.0f;
  float guide_pdf = 0.0f;
  *sampled_roughness = 1.0f - fabsf(volume_phase_get_g(svc));
 
  bsdf_eval_init(phase_eval, zero_spectrum());
 
  if (sample_guiding) {
    /* Sample guiding distribution. */
    guide_pdf = guiding_phase_sample(kg, state, rand_phase, wo);
    *phase_pdf = 0.0f;
 
    if (guide_pdf != 0.0f) {
      *unguided_phase_pdf = volume_shader_phase_eval(kg, sd, svc, *wo, phase_eval);
      *phase_pdf = (guiding_sampling_prob * guide_pdf) +
                   ((1.0f - guiding_sampling_prob) * (*unguided_phase_pdf));
      label = LABEL_VOLUME_SCATTER;
    }
  }
  else {
    /* Sample phase. */
    *phase_pdf = 0.0f;
    label = volume_phase_sample(sd, svc, rand_phase, &eval, wo, unguided_phase_pdf);
 
    if (*unguided_phase_pdf != 0.0f) {
      bsdf_eval_init(phase_eval, eval);
 
      *phase_pdf = *unguided_phase_pdf;
      if (use_volume_guiding) {
        guide_pdf = guiding_phase_pdf(kg, state, *wo);
        *phase_pdf *= 1.0f - guiding_sampling_prob;
        *phase_pdf += guiding_sampling_prob * guide_pdf;
      }
 
      kernel_assert(reduce_min(bsdf_eval_sum(phase_eval)) >= 0.0f);
    }
    else {
      bsdf_eval_init(phase_eval, zero_spectrum());
    }
 
    kernel_assert(reduce_min(bsdf_eval_sum(phase_eval)) >= 0.0f);
  }
 
  return label;
}
#  endif
 
ccl_device int volume_shader_phase_sample(KernelGlobals kg,
                                          ccl_private const ShaderData *sd,
                                          ccl_private const ShaderVolumePhases *phases,
                                          ccl_private const ShaderVolumeClosure *svc,
                                          float2 rand_phase,
                                          ccl_private BsdfEval *phase_eval,
                                          ccl_private float3 *wo,
                                          ccl_private float *pdf,
                                          ccl_private float *sampled_roughness)
{
  *sampled_roughness = 1.0f - fabsf(volume_phase_get_g(svc));
  Spectrum eval = zero_spectrum();
 
  *pdf = 0.0f;
  int label = volume_phase_sample(sd, svc, rand_phase, &eval, wo, pdf);
 
  if (*pdf != 0.0f) {
    bsdf_eval_init(phase_eval, eval);
  }
 
  return label;
}
 
/* Motion Blur */
 
#  ifdef __OBJECT_MOTION__
ccl_device_inline void volume_shader_motion_blur(KernelGlobals kg,
                                                 ccl_private ShaderData *ccl_restrict sd)
{
  if ((sd->object_flag & SD_OBJECT_HAS_VOLUME_MOTION) == 0) {
    return;
  }
 
  AttributeDescriptor v_desc = find_attribute(kg, sd, ATTR_STD_VOLUME_VELOCITY);
  kernel_assert(v_desc.offset != ATTR_STD_NOT_FOUND);
 
  const float3 P = sd->P;
  const float velocity_scale = kernel_data_fetch(objects, sd->object).velocity_scale;
  const float time_offset = kernel_data.cam.motion_position == MOTION_POSITION_CENTER ? 0.5f :
                                                                                        0.0f;
  const float time = kernel_data.cam.motion_position == MOTION_POSITION_END ?
                         (1.0f - kernel_data.cam.shuttertime) + sd->time :
                         sd->time;
 
  /* Use a 1st order semi-lagrangian advection scheme to estimate what volume quantity
   * existed, or will exist, at the given time:
   *
   * `phi(x, T) = phi(x - (T - t) * u(x, T), t)`
   *
   * where
   *
   * x : position
   * T : super-sampled time (or ray time)
   * t : current time of the simulation (in rendering we assume this is center frame with
   * relative time = 0)
   * phi : the volume quantity
   * u : the velocity field
   *
   * But first we need to determine the velocity field `u(x, T)`, which we can estimate also
   * using semi-lagrangian advection.
   *
   * `u(x, T) = u(x - (T - t) * u(x, T), t)`
   *
   * This is the typical way to model self-advection in fluid dynamics, however, we do not
   * account for other forces affecting the velocity during simulation (pressure, buoyancy,
   * etc.): this gives a linear interpolation when fluid are mostly "curvy". For better
   * results, a higher order interpolation scheme can be used (at the cost of more lookups),
   * or an interpolation of the velocity fields for the previous and next frames could also
   * be used to estimate `u(x, T)` (which will cost more memory and lookups).
   *
   * References:
   * "Eulerian Motion Blur", Kim and Ko, 2007
   * "Production Volume Rendering", Wreninge et al., 2012
   */
 
  /* Find velocity. */
  float3 velocity = primitive_volume_attribute_float3(kg, sd, v_desc);
  object_dir_transform(kg, sd, &velocity);
 
  /* Find advected P. */
  sd->P = P - (time - time_offset) * velocity_scale * velocity;
 
  /* Find advected velocity. */
  velocity = primitive_volume_attribute_float3(kg, sd, v_desc);
  object_dir_transform(kg, sd, &velocity);
 
  /* Find advected P. */
  sd->P = P - (time - time_offset) * velocity_scale * velocity;
}
#  endif
 
/* Volume Evaluation */
 
template<const bool shadow, typename StackReadOp, typename ConstIntegratorGenericState>
ccl_device_inline void volume_shader_eval(KernelGlobals kg,
                                          ConstIntegratorGenericState state,
                                          ccl_private ShaderData *ccl_restrict sd,
                                          const uint32_t path_flag,
                                          StackReadOp stack_read)
{
  /* If path is being terminated, we are tracing a shadow ray or evaluating
   * emission, then we don't need to store closures. The emission and shadow
   * shader data also do not have a closure array to save GPU memory. */
  int max_closures;
  if (path_flag & (PATH_RAY_TERMINATE | PATH_RAY_SHADOW | PATH_RAY_EMISSION)) {
    max_closures = 0;
  }
  else {
    max_closures = kernel_data.max_closures;
  }
 
  /* reset closures once at the start, we will be accumulating the closures
   * for all volumes in the stack into a single array of closures */
  sd->num_closure = 0;
  sd->num_closure_left = max_closures;
  sd->flag = SD_IS_VOLUME_SHADER_EVAL;
  sd->object_flag = 0;
 
  for (int i = 0;; i++) {
    const VolumeStack entry = stack_read(i);
    if (entry.shader == SHADER_NONE) {
      break;
    }
 
    /* Setup shader-data from stack. it's mostly setup already in
     * shader_setup_from_volume, this switching should be quick. */
    sd->object = entry.object;
    sd->lamp = LAMP_NONE;
    sd->shader = entry.shader;
 
    sd->flag &= ~SD_SHADER_FLAGS;
    sd->flag |= kernel_data_fetch(shaders, (sd->shader & SHADER_MASK)).flags;
    sd->object_flag &= ~SD_OBJECT_FLAGS;
 
    if (sd->object != OBJECT_NONE) {
      sd->object_flag |= kernel_data_fetch(object_flag, sd->object);
 
      if (shadow && !(kernel_data_fetch(objects, sd->object).visibility &
                      (path_flag & PATH_RAY_ALL_VISIBILITY)))
      {
        /* If volume is invisible to shadow ray, the hit is not registered, but the volume is still
         * in the stack. Skip the volume in such cases. */
        /* NOTE: `SHADOW_CATCHER_PATH_VISIBILITY()` is omitted because `path_flag` is just
         * `PATH_RAY_SHADOW` when evaluating shadows. */
        continue;
      }
 
#  ifdef __OBJECT_MOTION__
      /* todo: this is inefficient for motion blur, we should be
       * caching matrices instead of recomputing them each step */
      shader_setup_object_transforms(kg, sd, sd->time);
 
      volume_shader_motion_blur(kg, sd);
#  endif
    }
 
    /* evaluate shader */
#  ifdef __OSL__
    if (kernel_data.kernel_features & KERNEL_FEATURE_OSL) {
      osl_eval_nodes<SHADER_TYPE_VOLUME>(kg, state, sd, path_flag);
    }
    else
#  endif
    {
#  ifdef __SVM__
      svm_eval_nodes<KERNEL_FEATURE_NODE_MASK_VOLUME, SHADER_TYPE_VOLUME>(
          kg, state, sd, NULL, path_flag);
#  endif
    }
 
    /* Merge closures to avoid exceeding number of closures limit. */
    if (!shadow) {
      if (i > 0) {
        volume_shader_merge_closures(sd);
      }
    }
  }
}
 
#endif /* __VOLUME__ */
 
CCL_NAMESPACE_END